Analyzing Friction in the Design of Rubber Products and Their Paired Surfaces
by: Robert Horigan Smith

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0849381363 9780849381362

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year: 2008 pages: 426 bookmarked: yes paginated: yes vector: yes cover: yes searchable: yes

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Taking a mechanistic approach that emphasizes the physical behavior of rubber as it slides, Analyzing Friction in the Design of Rubber Products and Their Paired Surfaces integrates the engineering and scientific evidence demonstrating that the laws of metallic friction do not apply to rubber. The book also presents a newly developed, scientifically based unified theory of rubber friction that incorporates a fourth basic rubber friction force: surface deformation hysteresis. With applications that phenomenologically treat both static and dynamic rubber friction, the book offers practical guidance for implementing the unified theory in the analysis and design processes. The use of this theory enables comprehensive calculations of rubber friction, thereby offering opportunities to enhance public safety. While the theory applies to all elastomeric products where friction is an issue, the author primarily focuses on: • Analyzing friction in the design of rubber tires and their contacted pavements • The geometric design of roadways • Motor vehicle accident reconstruction • Analyzing slip resistance in the design of footwear and their contacted walking surfaces Supported by extensive analytical evidence, this book details what rubber friction is and why it behaves the way it does. Table of Contents Preface Introduction Historical Background Purposes of the Book The Unified Theory of Rubber Friction Surface Deformation Hysteresis in Rubber Differences between Metallic and Rubber Friction Mechanisms Consequences Stemming from Use of the Traditional Metallic Friction Approach to Rubber Friction Analysis Approach to the Subject Organization of the Book Metallic Coefficient of Friction Introduction Smooth Metal Friction Adhesion Theory of Smooth Metal Friction Origin of the Friction Force between Smooth Metals Rough Metal Friction Laws of Metallic Friction Rubber Friction Mechanisms Introduction Rubber Friction Coefficient Decreases with Increasing Load Adhesion as a Rubber Friction Mechanism Linking Rubber Friction to the Real Area of Contact Hertz Equation Bulk Deformation Hysteresis in Rubber Concurrently Acting Rubber Friction Mechanisms Van der Waals’ Adhesion and Surface Deformation Hysteresis in Rubber Adhesion, Bulk Deformation Hysteresis, and Wear in Sliding Rubber Expressions for Bulk Deformation Hysteresis in Rubber Modified Hertz Equation Schallamach Waves Elastomeric Friction Microhysteretic Contributions to Wet Rubber Friction Metallic Coefficient-of-Friction Equation Does Not Apply to Rubber Introduction Coefficient of Rubber Friction on Dry, Smooth Surfaces Coefficient of Rubber Friction on Dry, Textured Surfaces Coefficient of Rubber Friction on Wet, Smooth Surfaces Coefficient of Rubber Friction on Wet, Textured Surfaces Constant (Metallic) Coefficient-of-Friction Equation Not Applicable to Rubber A Unified Theory of Rubber Friction Introduction Rubber Microhysteresis Development on Macroscopically Smooth Surfaces Rubber Microhysteresis Development on Macroscopically Rough Surfaces Characteristics of the Rubber Microhysteresis Mechanism No-Load Adhesion Hypothesis Rubber Surface Deformation Hysteresis Testing A Unified Theory of Rubber Friction The Rubber Adhesion-Transition Phenomenon Introduction Further Aspects of the Rubber Adhesive Friction Mechanism Adhesive Friction of Metal and Nonelastomeric Plastics in the Elastic Loading Range Determinants Controlling the Value of PNt Controlling Adhesion-Transition Pressure to Optimize Friction Development “Low” μA Values in the Low Loading Range Microhysteretic Friction in Dry Rubber Products Introduction Microhysteresis in Automotive Tire Rubber in Dry Conditions Microhysteresis in Dry Aircraft Tires Rubber Microhysteresis in Dry Footwear Materials Microhysteresis in Dry Rubber Belting Rubber Adhesion-Transition Pressure Phenomenon on Macroscopically Rough Surfaces Microhysteresis in Wet Rubber Products Introduction Effects of Wet Lubricants on the Rubber Adhesion Mechanism Microhysteresis in Automotive Tire Rubber under Wet Conditions Microhysteresis in Wet Aircraft Tires Rubber Microhysteresis in Wet Footwear Outsoles Ramifications of the Presence of Microhysteresis in Wet Rubber Products Rubber Adhesion-Transition Phenomenon on Wet Surfaces Rubber Microhysteresis in Static Friction Testing Introduction Does Static Friction in Rubber Exist? Two Portable Static Friction Testing Devices Definition of Static Friction Rubber Microhysteresis in Static Friction Testing Independence of the Rubber Microhysteresis Force in Static Friction Testing Adhesion and Rubber Microhysteresis in VIT Testing Bias in Portable Walking-Surface Slip-Resistance Testers Introduction Remediable Inertial Bias in Portable Walking-Surface Slip-Resistance Testers Irremediable Inertial Bias in Portable Walking-Surface Slip-Resistance Testers Remediable Residence-Time Bias in Static Friction Testing Irremediable Adhesion-Transition Bias in Portable Walking-Surface Slip-Resistance Testers Contact-Time Bias for Tribometer Comparability Nonscientific Application of the Laws of Metallic Friction to Rubber Tires Operated on Pavements Introduction Comparing the Characteristics of Rubber Friction to Metallic Friction Effects of the Development of Microhysteretic Forces on Tire Friction Analysis Comparability of Rubber Friction Testing Data Inadvertent Misapplication of the Laws of Metallic Friction to Rubber Tires in ASTM Test Standards Inadvertent Misapplication of the Laws of Metallic Friction to Rubber Tires in Motor Vehicle Accident Reconstruction Inadvertent Misapplication of the Laws of Metallic Friction to Rubber Tires in the Geometric Design of Roadways Friction Analysis in the Design of Rubber Tires and Their Contacted Pavements Introduction Importance of Tire Microhysteresis on Wet Pavements Reformulation of the Traditional Friction Force vs. Tire Slip Relationship Measuring Tire Microhysteresis on Wet Pavements in the Design Process Application of the Unified Theory to Analysis of Friction in the Design of Tire-Pavement Systems Nonscientific Application of the Laws of Metallic Friction to Footwear Outsole Walking-Surface Pairings Introduction Comparing the Characteristics of Rubber Friction to Metallic Friction Effects of the Development of Microhysteretic Slip-Resistance Forces on Rubber Friction Analysis Comparability of Slip-Resistance Testing Data Inadvertent Misapplication of the Laws of Metallic Friction in ASTM Slip-Resistance Testing Methods Inadvertent Misapplication of the Laws of Metallic Friction by Slip-Resistance Testing Devices That Are Not the Subject of Active ASTM Standards Irremediable Inertial and Residence-Time Bias in Slip-Resistance Testing Devices That Are Not the Subject of ASTM Standards Slip-Resistance Analysis in the Design of Footwear Outsoles and Their Paired Walking Surfaces Introduction Importance of Footwear Outsole Microhysteresis in Wet Conditions Reformulating the Traditional Approach to Walking-Surface Slip-Resistance Testing Measuring Footwear Outsole Microhysteresis on Wet Walking Surfaces in the Design Process Application of the Unified Theory to Analysis of Slip-Resistance in the Design of Footwear Outsole Walking-Surface Pairings Index A Chapter Review and References appear at the end of each chapter.